The Impact of Deforestation on Protected Animal Populations in Sumatra: Analysis of Global Forest Watch and IUCN Red List Data

Abstract

Deforestation in Sumatra has become one of the most critical environmental challenges in Indonesia, threatening both ecological balance and the survival of key wildlife species. This study examines patterns of primary forest loss using Global Forest Watch datasets alongside population assessments from the IUCN Red List. Findings reveal that deforestation is concentrated in lowland and peat swamp ecosystems, particularly in Riau, Jambi, and South Sumatra, where industrial expansion of oil palm and acacia plantations has transformed landscapes on a large scale. The fragmentation of forest cover has disrupted ecological corridors, weakened hydrological functions, and increased carbon emissions, creating cascading impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. The consequences are most severe for protected species such as the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii), the Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica), and the Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus), all of which are listed as Critically Endangered. Population estimates suggest fewer than 8,000 orangutans, 600 tigers, and 1,700 elephants remain in fragmented habitats vulnerable to hunting, genetic isolation, and human-wildlife conflict. Conservation efforts through national parks and wildlife reserves provide limited protection due to spatial restrictions and weak law enforcement. The results highlight the urgent need for integrated landscape-based strategies, stronger governance mechanisms, and community-based initiatives to ensure long-term habitat connectivity and reduce extinction risks. Ultimately, protecting Sumatra’s remaining forests is not only a regional ecological priority but also a crucial contribution to global biodiversity conservation.