Digital Ecosystem Disparities and Interprovincial Educational Quality in Indonesia: Development of the Digital–Education Vulnerability Index and Spatial Analysis Based on BPS Data and the 2025 Education Report Card
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65310/cj8rvf58Keywords:
Composite Index, Digital Divide, Educational Inequality, Spatial Analysis, Vulnerability.Abstract
Digital transformation has expanded educational opportunities in Indonesia, but the capacity to benefit from digital resources remains territorially unequal. This study develops a Digital–Education Vulnerability Index (DEVI) for all 38 Indonesian provinces using complete 2025 provincial series from Statistics Indonesia. The final specification integrates youth cellular-phone use, computer use, and internet use within the Digital Vulnerability Index (DVI), and the School Participation Rate for ages 16–18 and senior-secondary Net Enrolment Rate within the Educational Vulnerability Index (EVI). Beneficial indicators were reverse-normalized by min–max transformation, weighted within each dimension by the Entropy Weight Method, and combined with equal dimensional contributions. Spatial dependence was tested with a row-standardized four-nearest-neighbor matrix, while DVI–EVI association, OLS regression with HC3 standard errors, and equal-weight sensitivity analysis assessed cross-dimensional consistency and robustness. Highland Papua (DEVI=0.9441), Central Papua (0.8868), and South Papua (0.5738) recorded the highest vulnerability, whereas DI Yogyakarta (0.0004), Bali (0.0320), and Riau Islands (0.0403) recorded the lowest. DVI and EVI were positively associated (Spearman ρ=0.671, p<0.001), and DEVI displayed significant spatial clustering (Global Moran’s I=0.545, p=0.0001), with significant High–High concentrations across several Papuan provinces. The entropy-weight and equal-weight rankings were highly concordant (ρ=0.989). These results show that digital and educational vulnerability is jointly structured but not interchangeable, supporting territorially differentiated intervention rather than uniform connectivity policy.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Sahal Hanafi, Azka Syifaul Maula, Nur Vita Ristiana, Assmaa Guerra, Deo Renaldi Saputra, Elinda Novita Dewi (Author)
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