Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology
Scripta Technica: Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that focuses on the dissemination of high-quality research in the fields of engineering and applied technology. It serves as an open platform for researchers, engineers, practitioners, and academics to publish innovative studies, technical developments, and theoretical contributions that address real-world engineering problems and technological advancement.
The Effect of Using Rubber-Modified Asphalt on the Performance of Sustainable Road Pavements
The escalating demands on road transport infrastructure require the development of resilient, sustainable pavement materials capable of withstanding heavy axle loads and climate extremes. This nonempirical research provides a comprehensive mechanistic synthesis demonstrating that elastomeric polymer integration significantly enhances binder viscosity, reduces penetration values, and elevates softening points. On a macrostructural level, these reological adjustments optimize volumetric parameters by systematically reducing air voids and reinforcing internal cohesion, which leads to a substantial increase in Marshall stability values. Mechanistic analysis indicates that rubber modified mixtures exhibit superior shear resistance and dynamic strain recovery, effectively minimizing rutting depth and extending the projected pavement service life from ten to fifteen years. This study successfully establishes a robust theoretical framework for the wider implementation of green infrastructure technologies within circular economy goals.
Asphalt Rubber, Sustainable Pavement, Crumb Rubber, Marshall Stability, Fatigue Resistance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Frendy Saputra, Rezi Munizar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Quality Control for Plastic Products Using the DMAIC Method at PT Techpack Asia
This study investigates the mitigation of cosmetic spot defects on premium polymer cosmetics packaging caused by airborne particulate contamination at PT Techpack Asia using the DMAIC framework. Structured empirical field observations utilizing a calibrated particle counter across twenty seven strategic nodes isolated material entry hatches as the primary vectors of microdust infiltration due to electrostatic charges. The implementation of high frequency housekeeping protocols alongside predictive mechanical rejuvenation successfully reduced particulate concentrations of 1 micron and 5 micron dimensions well below the World Health Organization (2021) maximum thresholds. Statistical validation through control charts in the final phase established a proactive detection mechanism that prevents microclimatic variance from disrupting the injection molding and decoration sequences. The structured quality architecture achieved a significant reduction in visual scrap rates down to 0.4 percent in the compliant zones. Ultimately this research demonstrates that integrating environmental cleanroom parameters into statistical quality control charts ensures high process predictability and permanent visual quality stabilization for premium plastic manufacturing operations.
DMAIC, Cleanroom Contamination, Injection Molding, Quality Engineering, Statistical Process Control.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syafiq Tian Maulana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Economic Feasibility Analysis and Structural Planning for the Ministry of Health Health Polytechnic (Poltekkes Kemenkes) in Bengkulu Province
The Bengkulu Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health (Poltekkes Kemenkes Bengkulu), located at Jl. Indragiri No. 3, Padang Harapan, Bengkulu City, has experienced continuous growth in student enrollment, resulting in increasing demand for classrooms and laboratory facilities. This study aims to design a new building structure that complies with Indonesian National Standards (SNI) and to evaluate the economic feasibility of the proposed construction project. The research employed reinforced concrete structural design based on SNI 1727:2020 and SNI 2847:2019, combined with an economic feasibility analysis using Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), Payback Period (PP), and sensitivity analysis. The results indicate that the proposed structural dimensions satisfy the required structural safety criteria, while the economic evaluation yields an NPV of IDR 6.75 billion, an IRR of 10.8%, a BCR of 1.32, and a payback period of approximately 12 years and 4 months, confirming the project's feasibility. Sensitivity analysis further indicates that the project remains feasible under construction cost increases of up to 20%, although higher interest rates approaching 10% reduce its economic margin.
Economic Feasibility, Educational Building, IRR, NPV, Structural Design.
Copyright (c) 2026 Horasian Tarihoran, Rezi Munizar, Yoka Mahendra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Plan for a Survey and Mapping of the Piping Network of the Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) in the Ketahun Urban Settlement Area, North Bengkulu Regency
Safe and sustainable drinking water services require distribution network planning supported by accurate spatial data. This study aimed to develop a pipeline network survey and mapping plan for the Subdistrict Capital Water Supply System (SPAM IKK) in Ketahun, North Bengkulu Regency, as the basis for preparing a Detail Engineering Design (DED). A quantitative descriptive approach with field surveys was employed by collecting topographic, land-use, road network, utility, settlement, and elevation data using GPS, GIS, and EPANET hydraulic modeling. The results indicate that pipeline routes following existing road corridors provide greater construction and operational efficiency. Projected water demand reached approximately 40 L/s at the end of the planning period, while hydraulic simulation confirmed that pressure and flow velocity satisfied technical standards for water supply systems. The integration of field surveys, digital mapping, and hydraulic simulation provides an accurate and effective basis for sustainable drinking water distribution planning.
GIS, GPS, Pipeline Network, SPAM IKK, Survey Mapping.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhamad Rifky Kusdinar, Rezi Munizar, Buyung Mantap (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of Cost and Construction Time for Drainage Projects Using a 150×150 cm Box Culvert and a Slab Culvert on Simpang Lebong Highway, Curup Subdistrict, Rejang Lebong Regency
Road drainage development is an essential aspect of supporting sustainable transportation infrastructure, particularly in areas with high rainfall intensity and heavy traffic conditions. This study aims to compare the cost and implementation time of drainage works using a 150×150 cm Box Culvert and a Plat Duiker method on Simpang Lebong Road, Curup District, Rejang Lebong Regency. The research employed a descriptive quantitative method through comparative analysis of construction costs, implementation characteristics, field conditions, and construction effectiveness. The results indicate that the Box Culvert method provides advantages in structural strength, water flow capacity, and installation time efficiency, while the Plat Duiker method offers lower initial construction cost potential. Under conditions of continuous existing water flow, high rainfall intensity, and dense traffic activity, the Box Culvert method is considered more effective due to its ability to minimize construction disturbances and improve drainage system reliability.
Box Culvert, Construction Cost, Construction Time, Plat Duiker, Road Drainage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Niki Satrianda, Rezi Munizar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance Analysis of the Supervising Consultant on the Puguk–Lubuk Resam Road Reconstruction Project in Bengkulu Province
Road infrastructure development requires effective supervision to ensure project quality, schedule, cost, and occupational safety. This study aims to analyze the performance of supervision consultants in the Puguk–Lubuk Resam Road Reconstruction Project, Bengkulu Province. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed. Data were collected through field observations, documentation, and questionnaires distributed to 56 respondents consisting of supervision consultants, contractors, and project owners' representatives. Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted using seven performance indicators. The results indicate that all indicators achieved good to very good performance, with scores exceeding 80%. Technical specification comprehension obtained the highest score (85.6%), while labor supervision recorded the lowest score (82.6%) but remained within the good category. The findings demonstrate that technical competence, stakeholder coordination, and effective supervision significantly contribute to successful road construction project implementation.
Construction Supervision, Project Management, Road Infrastructure, Road Reconstruction Project, Supervision Consultant Performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adi Wijaya, Rezi Munizar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Survey on the Implementation of the E-Paksi Application in Asset Inventory and Performance Assessment of the Air Merah Rimbo Recap Irrigation System at the Rejang Lebong Regency Department of Public Works and Spatial Planning
This study aims to analyze the application of the E-PAKSI app in asset inventory and performance assessment of the irrigation system at the Air Merah Rimbo Recap Weir, managed by the Rejang Lebong Regency Public Works and Spatial Planning Agency. The method used was an empirical study with a descriptive survey approach through field observations, asset inventory using the E-PAKSI application, photographic documentation, GPS coordinate recording, and data validation through triangulation with actual conditions in the field. The analysis was conducted using the application’s automatic weighting system to generate an Irrigation System Performance Index and evaluate the condition of each structural component. The results show that the weir received a performance index score of 59.82%, classified as “poor,” indicating the need for maintenance and rehabilitation, particularly for the spillway gates, which exhibited the highest level of damage. The implementation of E-PAKSI has proven to improve the efficiency of asset inventory, consistency in assessment, accuracy of asset documentation, and ease in establishing data-driven priorities for operations and maintenance. This study confirms that the digitization of irrigation asset management through E-PAKSI can strengthen the effectiveness of technical decision-making and support more sustainable water resource infrastructure management at the local government level.
E-PAKSI Application, Asset Inventory, Performance Evaluation, Irrigation System, Digital Transformation
Copyright (c) 2026 Angga Darwantono, Rezi Munizar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementation of the Naive Bayes Algorithm for Classifying Students’ Stress Levels Based on Learning Behavior Patterns
This study aims to implement the Gaussian Naive Bayes algorithm to classify students’ stress levels based on learning behavior patterns as a machine learning-based early detection approach. The study employs an empirical experimental method using the “Student Stress and Study Behavior” dataset, which includes attributes such as study duration, sleep hours, academic workload, physical activity, social media use, and stress levels as the target variable. The research stages included data preprocessing, attribute transformation, dataset splitting using the hold-out validation method, classification model development, and evaluation using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. The results show that the Gaussian Naive Bayes model achieved an accuracy of 91.27%, a precision of 90.84%, a recall of 91.02%, and an F1-score of 90.93%. The findings indicate that sleep duration and study duration are attributes that significantly contribute to the classification of students’ stress levels. This study contributes to the development of an efficient, interpretable, and practical decision support system to support the monitoring of students’ mental health.
Gaussian Naive Bayes, Machine Learning, Stress Classification, Learning Behavior, Students
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Fhatir Fadlillah Lubis, Andhica Romanja Sipahutar, Daniel Pertogi Simbolon, Elisabeth Givani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Proposal to Improve Workplace Safety for Production Operators Using the Job Safety Analysis Method at CV XYZ
This study aims to identify potential hazards, assess occupational safety risk levels, determine the root causes of dominant risks, formulate control recommendations, and develop an occupational safety dashboard for the knife production process at CV XYZ. The study employs an empirical approach through field observations and interviews, while activity mapping is conducted using an Operation Process Chart. Hazard identification and risk assessment were conducted using a Job Safety Analysis with a Probability Severity matrix; subsequently, the activities with the highest risks were analyzed using the 5 Whys Analysis. The results showed that of the 17 activities evaluated, 4 were categorized as Low Risk, 12 as Medium Risk, and 1 as High Risk specifically, the heat treatment process, which had a Risk Number of 12. The root cause analysis identified the lack of safety signs and communication materials regarding the use of personal protective equipment as the dominant causes of increased workplace accident risk. Control recommendations include installing safety signs, posting notices regarding the mandatory use of personal protective equipment, and providing heat-resistant gloves, safety goggles, and heat-resistant safety shoes. All research findings are integrated into an OSH dashboard built on Google Looker Studio, which presents risk information, safety indicators, PPE requirements, and cost analyses to support data-driven decision-making aimed at improving the effectiveness of workplace safety management.
OSH Dashboard, Job Safety Analysis, Workplace Safety, Risk Control, 5 Whys Analysis
Copyright (c) 2026 Syalina Amalia, Mochammad Ariq Farizi, Yoga Rizki Fadilah, Rico Ferdinand Alhakim, Yuniar Yuniar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Analysis of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Literacy in Shaping Environmentally Conscious Behavior
The integration of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) literacy into higher education serves as a critical instrument for accelerating green campus culture as a manifestation of ecological responsibility. This study examines how systematic implementation of environmental policies and sustainability-oriented curricula transforms theoretical knowledge into tangible, pro-environmental academic behaviors among students. Empirically, the research demonstrates that high student engagement in waste management and energy efficiency reflects the successful internalization of sustainability literacy into daily habituation. Furthermore, the synthesis of ethical values and global sustainability principles empowers students to develop innovative solutions to environmental challenges. As a living laboratory, universities play a pivotal role in bridging the gap between ecological awareness and actionable commitment. The findings indicate that reflective and applied educational approaches significantly enhance students' long-term dedication to environmental preservation, effectively preparing graduates to act as agents of change in professional and societal domains.
SDGs Literacy, Green Campus, Environmental Behavior, Higher Education, Sustainable Development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eko Sutrisno, Nuril Ahmad, Anita Anita, Moch. Ichdah Asyarin Hayau Lailin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sentiment Analysis of Traffic Accidents in Twitter Tweets Using the Naïve Bayes Method
This study develops a robust computational framework using a structured Naïve Bayes architecture to mine, classify, and analyze public discourse regarding traffic accidents on Twitter (now X). Utilizing a massive corpus of 157,629 digital documents, the probabilistic model successfully extracts macro-level sentiment distributions with a high global accuracy of 82.60%. The empirical findings reveal an overwhelming dominance of external factor attributions, accumulating 128,613 tweets, which underscores a critical public sensitivity toward infrastructure malfunctions and suboptimal road conditions in urban environments. By transforming unorganized microblogging texts into structured analytical matrices, this research establishes an economical, real-time social sensor that effectively bypasses the logistical delays of conventional manual reporting systems. Ultimately, this study contributes a novel theoretical repositioning from reactive safety evaluations to data-driven preventive strategies, providing government authorities with a rigorous, scalable decision-making tool to optimize sustainable transportation infrastructure and mitigate urban traffic fatalities.
Sentiment Analysis, Naïve Bayes, Traffic Accident, Infrastructure Evaluation, Twitter Mining.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aldy Sahputra Saragih, Evantrana Yordan Bangun, Fastabikha Akbar Fahlevi, Ariel Kurniawan, Kristian Sigalingging, Fasta Krel Four Wati Br Haloho, Salman Putra Jaya Hulu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the Causes of High Product Rejection Rates in the Warehouse Area Using the Pareto Method, 5 Whys Analysis, and Fishbone Diagram
The high rate of product rejection within the warehouse area compromises spatial efficiency and escalates logistics expenses in automotive manufacturing. This empirical study constructs a structured diagnostic interventional framework using Pareto charts, Fishbone diagrams, and 5 Why analysis to mitigate storage quality failures. Baseline evaluations revealed that the initial defect rate peaked at 5.20% (520 rejected units), significantly violating the 3.0% corporate tolerance threshold, with material damage and misplacement contributing a substantial 76.92% cumulative total. To address these layout and procedural root causes, engineering interventions were deployed, including warehouse redesign, shared storage, rigid pallet stacking limitations, standardized visual labeling, and operator competency training. Post intervention comparative analysis demonstrated an exceptional recovery in operational reliability, successfully driving the rejection rate down to 2.8% (280 units). This systematic reduction demonstrates the robust efficacy of integrating statistical quality metrics with spatial engineering to achieve sustainable operational excellence in modern industrial warehousing.
Warehouse Management, Pareto Analysis, Fishbone Diagram, Five Whys, Quality Engineering.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rizal Deokosta, Muhammad Ifdol, Hilman Mubarik Aziz, Immanuel Wijaya Huwae, Yudi Prastyo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Web Vulnerability Exploitation on Data Integrity: A Review of Developers’ Ethical and Legal Obligations
Web application security vulnerabilities, specifically SQL injection, pose a critical threat to data integrity, directly undermining the foundational security pillars of accuracy, completeness, and consistency. This study investigates the impact of such exploits through controlled black-box penetration testing on vulnerable prototypes, subsequently analyzing the findings against ethical engineering frameworks and Indonesian cyber law regulations. Empirical evidence demonstrates that inadequate security configurations lead to unauthorized data exfiltration and mass manipulation, which constitutes a severe breach of professional developer responsibilities. The research highlights that technical failures are inextricably linked to legal and ethical accountability, necessitating a transition from reactive patching to a proactive, security-by-design development paradigm. By mapping technical vulnerabilities to the governing legal statutes and professional ethics codes, this article establishes a mandate for developers to prioritize robust security architectures. The study underscores that strengthening digital resilience requires a cohesive integration of advanced technical defense mechanisms with strict adherence to national regulatory frameworks to ensure long-term data security and institutional accountability in the digital era.
Data Integrity, SQL Injection, Cybersecurity Law, Professional Ethics, Web Vulnerability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhamad Nazry Khoiry, Evy Nurmiati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Kiln Dryer Maintenance Using the Preventive Maintenance Method
This study evaluates the operational reliability and thermal efficiency of a conventional kiln dry installation through a longitudinal action research approach. By investigating six critical mechanical subsystems, the research maps component degradation patterns under maximum load conditions using the functional matrix of heating, circulation, ventilation, control, structure, and safety modules. Empirical data from real-time checklists, infrared thermography inspections, and maintenance logs were validated using triangulation techniques to analyze schedule compliance, mechanical downtime durations, and early anomaly detection indices. The findings indicate that higher maintenance schedule compliance directly correlates with reduced mechanical downtime and stable micro-climate control within the drying chamber. Furthermore, a critical cause-and-effect analysis reveals that external spare part lead times significantly accelerate component aging and cause substantial lifetime deviations from manufacturer specifications. Consequently, micro-climate instability induces severe geometric defects, internal checking, and structural collapse in the timber pores. Implementing a structured, pro-active preventive maintenance policy effectively mitigates operational bottlenecks, guarantees phytosanitary treatment standards, and systematically improves the overall output quality of industrial wood manufacturing.
Kiln Dry, Preventive Maintenance, Mechanical Downtime, Component Degradation, Timber Quality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ariq Maulana, Cahyo Prasojo, Ahmad Rois Fathul In’am, Muhammad Alanatha Musyafa, Sukarno Budi Utomo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Student Sentiment Toward the Use of ChatGPT for College Assignments Using the Naïve Bayes Method
Advances in generative artificial intelligence technology have driven an increase in the use of ChatGPT for various academic activities, including the completion of college assignments. This study aims to analyze student sentiment toward the use of ChatGPT for college assignments using the Naïve Bayes method. The study employs an empirical, machine learning-based experimental approach using a dataset obtained from Kaggle consisting of 1,153 student comments. The research stages include data preprocessing, feature extraction using Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF), training the Naïve Bayes model, and evaluating performance through a confusion matrix and classification accuracy. The preprocessing results yielded 1,125 clean data points suitable for analysis. The sentiment distribution showed a dominance of negative sentiment in 1,003 data points (89.16%), while positive sentiment accounted for 122 data points (10.84%). Model testing yielded an accuracy rate of 90.67%, indicating that the Naïve Bayes algorithm is capable of effectively identifying sentiment patterns in student textual data. The research findings indicate that although ChatGPT offers benefits in improving task completion efficiency, most students still have concerns regarding academic dependency, academic integrity, and a decline in critical thinking skills. The research results contribute to our understanding of students’ perceptions regarding the use of generative artificial intelligence in higher education settings.
ChatGPT, Sentiment Analysis, Naïve Bayes, Machine Learning, Students.
Copyright (c) 2026 Irma Aprilia Sihite, Gaberia Pasaribu, Ketrina Angreyni, Kristina Lumban Toruan, Selvi Ulina br Silalahi, Tiara Dolok Saribu, Yulianus Bawamenewi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design of an Automated Water-Filling System for Gallons Using an Infrared Proximity Sensor
The need for a practical, hygienic, and efficient drinking water dispensing system has driven the development of sensor-based automated devices to replace the manual mechanisms still widely used in conventional gallon pumps. This study aims to design and implement an automated water-filling system for water jugs using an infrared proximity sensor as an object detector and a relay module to control a DC water pump. The method employed is an empirical experiment involving the design, assembly, implementation, and testing of a prototype. The system is designed using direct control principles without a microcontroller, resulting in a simple, economical, and easily replicable architecture. Testing was conducted by simulating actual usage conditions to evaluate the sensor’s detection capability, relay response, pump stability, operational safety, energy efficiency, hygiene of use, and the economic aspects of the design. The results of the study show that the system is capable of consistently detecting the presence of a glass, automatically activating the pump when an object is detected, and stopping the water flow when the object is no longer within the sensor’s range. The system also demonstrates good reliability, low power consumption, and relatively affordable design costs. These findings indicate that the integration of infrared proximity sensors and relays can be an effective solution to support the automation of water jug filling in both household and public facility settings.
Automation, Water Jugs, Infrared Proximity, DC Pump, Relay
Copyright (c) 2026 Gita Aubreza Safitri, Ana Nur Avivah, Enggar Bagus Pramudyanto, Rio Umair Andica, Eli Mas’idah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Bearing Capacity and Settlement of Shallow and Deep Foundations on Soft Soil
Soft soil in the Kaligawe Road area of Semarang is characterized by low bearing capacity and high compressibility, posing significant challenges in foundation planning for buildings. This study analyzes the bearing capacity and primary consolidation settlement of shallow foundations (spread footing) and deep foundations (pile foundation) on soft soil using SPT data from borehole BH-06 up to 60 m depth. Bearing capacity calculations were performed using the Meyerhof (1956) method for shallow foundations and the Meyerhof (1976) method for deep foundations, while primary consolidation settlement was calculated based on Terzaghi's consolidation theory with parameters Cc = 0.334 and e₀ = 1.347–1.410. The results indicate that the bearing capacity of deep foundations increases consistently with depth and pile diameter, with skin friction dominating the total bearing capacity. A settlement comparison at equivalent allowable bearing capacity values shows that shallow foundations produce the largest settlement (average Sc = 0.093 m), followed by deep foundations in a 2×2 configuration (average Sc = 0.063 m), while deep foundations in a 2×1 configuration yield the smallest settlement (average Sc = 0.037 m). Therefore, the 2×1 pile configuration is recommended as the most optimal foundation system for soft soil conditions at the study location.
Bearing Capacity, Meyerhof Method, Consolidation Settlement, Shallow Foundation, Soft Soil.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shobibur Rohman Zen, Muhammad Edy Saputro, Rifqi Brilyant Arief (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of a Manual Ice Shaver into an Automatic One to Improve Production Efficiency for MSMEs
This study aims to design and develop an automatic ice cream maker based on an electric motor to address efficiency challenges faced by small and medium-sized ice cream businesses that still use manual methods, with production times reaching 2–2.5 hours. The main problems identified include the high physical strain on operators, long production times, and inconsistent ice cream texture due to unstable manual churning. The methodology employed includes problem identification, anthropometric data collection, design development using a 12V DC motor system, and technical economic analysis. The research results indicate that this automated machine is capable of producing more stable and consistent rotation, accelerating the freezing process, and reducing work-related fatigue. Economically, this device has a production cost of Rp1,755,000 with a selling price of Rp2,018,250, where the break-even point is reached after selling 7 units. The implementation of this device is expected to increase the productivity and competitiveness of MSMEs through the modernization of appropriate technology that maintains the characteristics of traditional products.
Es Puter, Automation, Production Efficiency, SMEs, Electric Motor.
Copyright (c) 2026 Farhan Alrasyid Nasution, Mohammad Iqbal Pratama, Alvin Najihul Amin, Adefito Wahyu Saputra, Muhammad Sagaf, Eli Mas’idah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Precast Concrete Use on the Implementation of Lean Construction in Construction Projects in Manokwari: A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) Approach
This study aims to analyze the impact of precast concrete use on the implementation of Lean Construction in construction projects in Manokwari through a Systematic Literature Review approach. This study highlights the relationship between prefabrication-based construction technology and lean principles, which focus on reducing waste, improving time efficiency, and optimizing productivity and quality. Data were obtained from 25 scientific articles indexed in Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, published between 2015 and 2025, and analyzed using the PRISMA protocol. The synthesis results indicate that precast concrete can reduce material waste, shorten project duration, increase labor productivity, and produce more consistent work quality. The implementation of Lean becomes more effective when supported by a standardized precast system based on off-site production. In the context of Manokwari, this approach holds great potential for addressing logistical challenges and resource constraints, although it still faces infrastructure and initial cost barriers. These findings underscore the strategic role of precast concrete as a key enabler of Lean Construction in enhancing the performance of modern construction projects.
Precast Concrete, Lean Construction, Systematic Literature Review, Construction Efficiency, Manokwari.
Copyright (c) 2026 Natalia E Safkaur (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the Compressive, Tensile, and Flexural Strength of Concrete Using Limestone and Bestmittel as Additives
This study aims to analyze the effect of adding limestone and bestmittel on the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete as an effort to improve the mechanical properties of concrete. The study employed a laboratory experimental method using test specimens in the form of concrete cylinders and beams consisting of normal concrete, variations with 10% limestone and 0.25% bestmittel, and 10% limestone and 0.5% bestmittel. Testing was conducted at 7 and 28 days of age through compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength tests. The results showed that the addition of limestone and bestmittel was able to improve concrete performance in certain mixtures. The highest compressive strength value was obtained in the 10% limestone and 0.25% bestmittel mixture, at 25.370 MPa at 28 days of age. Split tensile strength and flexural strength tests showed optimal results in the 10% limestone and 0.5% Bestmittel mixture, with split tensile strength of 2.205 MPa and flexural strength of 2.951 MPa. The addition of limestone and Bestmittel was proven to increase mixture density, improve workability, and enhance the mechanical quality of the concrete.
Concrete, Limestone, Bestmittel, Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength.
Copyright (c) 2026 Juanito Eka Setiawan, Ricky Muhammad, Antonius Antonius (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Repeated Earthquake Load Cycles on the Behavior of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil
This study aims to analyze the effect of repeated seismic loading cycles on the mechanical behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced soil using a numerical simulation approach based on the finite element method. Modeling was performed using PLAXIS 2D v22, representing a 10-meter-high soil embankment on soft subgrade based on Standard Penetration Test data from the Solo–Yogyakarta Toll Road project at STA 0+616. Reinforcement systems using woven and non-woven geotextiles were modeled under cyclic loading conditions in the form of a sinusoidal wave with a maximum ground acceleration of 0.4562 g, a frequency of 0.8 Hz, and 50 loading cycles. The analysis results show that the use of geosynthetics is capable of improving system stability and significantly reducing deformation compared to unreinforced soil. Woven geotextiles produced the most optimal response with a maximum deformation of 2.699 × 10⁻³ m and a safety factor of 1.488 due to their higher tensile stiffness capacity. Non-woven geotextiles still improved soil performance, but their effectiveness was lower under repeated dynamic loading. The mechanical response of the soil is influenced by soil–geosynthetic interaction, dynamic stress distribution, reinforcement layer configuration, and cyclic loading characteristics. The research findings underscore the importance of integrating dynamic analysis into geotechnical design in earthquake-prone regions to enhance the long-term stability and resilience of infrastructure.
Cyclic Earthquake Loading, Geosynthetics, PLAXIS 2D, Soil Stability, Soft Soil.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Satria Pandu Justitia, Taufik Efendi Fadil, Pratikso Pratikso, Lisa Fitriyana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the Compressive and Tensile Strength of Concrete Using Pumice as a Substitute for Fine Aggregate
This study aims to analyze the effect of using pumice as a partial substitute for fine aggregate on the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, unit weight, and workability of lightweight concrete. The research method employed laboratory experiments with a design strength of fc’ 20 MPa based on SNI 7656:2012. The pumice substitution levels were set at 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% of the fine aggregate weight, with the addition of a superplasticizer at 0.5% of the cement weight. Tests were conducted at 7 and 28 days of concrete age using a Universal Testing Machine to obtain the concrete’s mechanical parameters. The results showed that increasing the pumice content caused a decrease in the concrete’s unit weight and slump value due to the high porosity and water absorption of the pumice aggregate. Substitution levels of 5% and 10% still produced relatively stable compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength, meeting the design quality standards for normal concrete. A 15% substitution showed a more significant decrease in mechanical strength due to increased internal voids and weak interlocking between materials. This study confirms that pumice has the potential to be used as an alternative material in the development of lightweight concrete with controlled weight efficiency and mechanical performance.
Pumice, Lightweight Concrete, Compressive Strength, Splitting Tensile Strength, Fine Aggregate Substitution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Firdaus Rizal Auliya Hadi, Ditya Ikram Rif’aa, Pratikso Pratikso (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Production Bottlenecks Caused by Rusted Materials Using the Theory of Constraints Method at Workshop 2 of PT. Triangle Motorindo
This study aims to analyze production bottlenecks caused by rusty materials using the Theory of Constraints approach at Workshop 2 of PT. Triangle Motorindo, which manufactures three-wheeled vehicle frames. The study employs an empirical, case-study-based method through direct observation of the production process, measurement of work time, recording of the quantity of rusty materials, and evaluation of effective production capacity. Data were analyzed using the stages of constraint identification, constraint exploitation, process subordination, constraint elevation, and constraint re-evaluation to determine the impact of rusty materials on production throughput. The results indicate that rusty materials cause an average additional grinding time of 10 minutes per unit, thereby reducing effective production capacity and triggering idle time at the welding, assembly, and painting stations. Total production time loss reached 260 minutes with a decrease in output of 30 units during the observation period. The implementation of a constraint elevation strategy through the addition of grinding machines, the allocation of dedicated operators, and the use of rust-resistant materials successfully reduced backlogged units to 5 units per week and increased daily output efficiency to over 95%. The research findings underscore the importance of material quality control in maintaining the stability of production flow in metal fabrication-based manufacturing.
Bottleneck, Production Capacity, Corroded Materials, Theory of Constraints, Production Throughput.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ilham Amri Yafi, Nurwidiana Nurwidiana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the Construction Safety Management System (CSMS) for the Phase 1 Flood Control Project in Semarang
The construction sector has a high rate of workplace accidents, necessitating the implementation of an effective Construction Safety Management System (CSMS) to minimize potential hazards. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the CSMS in the Phase I Flood Control Project of the Tenggang System in Semarang City, assess its compliance with Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing Regulation No. 10 of 2021, and analyze the level of compliance based on respondents’ perceptions. The method used was quantitative descriptive analysis through the distribution of questionnaires to 25 respondents from the Supervising Consultant team of PT Nindya–Sacna KSO. Data analysis was conducted using validity tests, reliability tests, calculation of mean values, and the Relative Importance Index (RII) using IBM SPSS Statistics. The research results indicate that all statement items are valid and reliable, with very high Cronbach’s Alpha values of 0.975, 0.909, and 0.928. The mean values fell into the high to very high categories, ranging from 4.76 to 4.96. This indicates that the implementation of SMKK has been optimal, in accordance with regulations, and has a good level of compliance, although continuous improvement is still needed to maintain consistency in its implementation.
Workplace accidents, compliance, construction, safety, SMKK.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andini Nadya Rahmawati, Anggit Tri Yatri, Eko Muliawan Satrio (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance Evaluation of Slope Stabilization on High Embankments Using Gabions Based on Plaxis V24.3.0 Analysis: A Case Study of Candisari, Semarang City
This study evaluates the performance of gabion reinforcement in mitigating slope failure on a high embankment slope in Candisari, Semarang City, using finite element analysis based on PLAXIS V24.3.0. The research integrates field observations, laboratory geotechnical testing, and numerical simulation to investigate slope deformation behavior, safety factor characteristics, and hydro mechanical responses under varying groundwater conditions. The numerical model was developed using plane strain analysis with staged construction procedures and strength reduction factor methods to represent actual field conditions. The results indicate that the unreinforced slope experienced significant deformation and a critical safety factor associated with progressive failure mechanisms. The installation of gabion structures improved slope stability by reducing horizontal and vertical displacement, redistributing effective stress, and shifting the slip surface away from the critical zone. Variations in groundwater level significantly affected slope performance through increased pore water pressure and reduced effective stress conditions. The study confirms that gabion reinforcement provides effective structural resistance for high embankment slopes, although hydraulic sensitivity remains a controlling factor in long term stability performance.
Gabion Reinforcement, Slope Stability, Finite Element Analysis, Groundwater Variation, PLAXIS V24.3.0.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nazala Trisnadyani, Nur Mukti Afiatillah, Lisa Fitriyana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the Impact of Workforce Competence on the Effectiveness of Production Technology Adoption
This study examines the effect of workforce competence on the effectiveness of production technology utilization in the manufacturing industry through a quantitative empirical approach with a causal research design. Workforce competence was operationalized through technical operating skills, work experience, and training intensity, while production technology effectiveness was measured using productivity level, production cycle efficiency, and defect rate indicators. Data were collected from production operators working in semi-automated and automated manufacturing systems using structured questionnaires and production documentation. Statistical analysis was conducted using simple linear regression to evaluate the relationship between workforce competence and production technology effectiveness. The findings indicate that workforce competence has a significant positive influence on production productivity, operational stability, process efficiency, and product quality consistency. Operators with higher competence levels demonstrated better adaptability toward industrial technology implementation and machine-based production systems. The study also highlights the strategic importance of competency development, ergonomic work systems, and continuous training programs in strengthening industrial competitiveness and supporting sustainable manufacturing performance within technology-oriented production environments.
Workforce Competence, Production Technology, Manufacturing Productivity, Industrial Efficiency, Human-Machine Integration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Azra Bayu Afrianto, Syahru Rifky, Fazri Achmad Nur Fadilah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Product Load Variations on Compressor Performance in a Brine-Cooled Ice Maker System
Refrigeration systems play a crucial role in cooling and freezing processes within low-temperature-based industries. In brine cooling-based ice maker systems, performance is highly dependent on the compressor as the primary component in the vapor compression cycle. Variations in product load lead to changes in heat load, which directly affect compressor work and energy consumption. This study aims to analyze the effect of product load variations on compressor work and electrical power consumption. An experimental method was employed with load variations of 25, 30, and 35 water packages (0.8 kg per package). The observed parameters included pressure, temperature, compressor work, and power consumption. Data were collected through direct measurements using K-type thermocouples, manifold gauges, and watt meters, and subsequently analyzed based on vapor compression cycle equations. The results indicate that increasing the product load raises compressor work from 72.54 kJ/kg to 73.47 kJ/kg and power consumption from 5797.8 Watts to 6842.86 Watts. Additionally, higher loads result in increased discharge pressure, compressor outlet temperature, and longer freezing time. It can be concluded that product load significantly affects system performance and energy consumption.
Product Load, Brine Cooling, Power Consumption, Compressor Work, Refrigeration System.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marvelyano Petra Sampara, Cendy Sophia Edwina Tupamahu, Sefnath Josep Etwan Sarwuna (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the Effectiveness of the Deep Soil Mixing Method in Improving the Stability of Soft Soil in Highway Construction
The construction of toll roads on soft soil frequently encounters geotechnical problems in the form of excessive ground settlement and low embankment stability, which may lead to structural failure if appropriate ground improvement measures are not implemented. Deep Soil Mixing (DSM) is a ground improvement technique in which in-situ soil is mixed with a binding agent to increase shear strength and reduce soil compressibility. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the DSM method in improving the stability of soft soil for toll road construction and to evaluate the influence of variations in column spacing and depth on soil deformation and safety factors. The study was conducted as a case study of the Probolinggo–Banyuwangi Toll Road Development Project, Package 2, at STA 16+550–STA 16+600, using analytical approaches and numerical modeling based on the finite element method with PLAXIS 2D software. Analyses were performed for conditions without ground improvement and with DSM improvement using two configurations, namely a column spacing of 1.5 m with a depth of 8 m and a column spacing of 1 m with a depth of 6 m. The results indicate that the application of the DSM method significantly increases the safety factor and reduces soft soil deformation, with a closer column spacing configuration demonstrating more optimal performance in enhancing embankment stability.
Soft Soil, Deep Soil Mixing, Soil Stability, Deformation, Toll Road.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ababiel Ashabussidiq, Jerrico Naufal Hibban, Rifqi Brilyant Arief , Rinda Karlinasari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Paving Blocks with the Addition of Plastic and Crumb Rubber
Paving blocks are construction materials made from a mixture of cement, sand, aggregate, and water. Typically, paving blocks are molded in square or rectangular shapes and are used as surface coverings for roads, sidewalks, parking lots, and other public areas. One of the reasons why paving blocks are popular is because of their load-bearing ability, durability, and aesthetic appearance. This research aims to analyze paving blocks used in construction. Another objective of the research conducted was to analyze the opportunity of using added materials, namely recycled plastic and crumb rubber in making paving blocks, which aims to produce quality and sustainable products. In experimental research, the first step is to determine the variation in the composition of the additives used. Next, paving blocks are made through a dry mixing process until they are homogeneous, then molded using hexagonal molds and compacted manually. After that, the test objects undergo a curing process for 28 days before testing. Testing of paving blocks includes compressive strength and water absorption tests to determine the effect of adding additives on the quality and performance of the modified paving blocks. The results showed that the addition of plastic and crumb rubber can increase the strength of paving blocks and ensure flexibility and the product itself, reduce production costs and effective use of industrial waste.
Blocks, Recycled HDPE Plastic, Crumb Rubber, Compressive Strength, Water Absorption.
Copyright (c) 2026 Benigno Faza Akbari, Muhammad Aufa Ahda Athoillah, Juny Andry Sulistyo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementation of Green Building in Construction Projects in Manokwari with a Lean Construction Approach
The construction sector significantly contributes to global energy consumption and carbon emissions, necessitating integrated strategies that combine operational efficiency and environmental sustainability. This study develops a conceptual Lean–Green integration model for construction projects in Manokwari through a Systematic Literature Review following the PRISMA protocol. The analysis synthesizes empirical findings published between 2018 and 2026 to examine the causal relationships between Lean Construction practices and Green Building performance indicators. The results indicate that Lean–Green integration potentially reduces material waste by 15–35%, decreases project costs by 10–20%, and improves operational energy efficiency by up to 30%. The proposed input–process–output framework identifies managerial commitment, workforce capability, regulatory support, and digital technology integration as critical determinants of successful implementation. The discussion highlights organizational culture, risk management, supply chain integration, and BIM-based digitalization as strategic enablers in peripheral regions with logistical constraints.
Lean Construction, Green Building, Sustainable Construction, Waste Reduction, BIM Integration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Natalia E Safkaur (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0