Journal of Science, Technology, and Innovation
Inventa: Journal of Science, Technology, and Innovation is a peer-reviewed open-access journal published by CV Scripta Intelektual Mandiri. It publishes original research and applied studies in science, technology, and innovation, including fields such as engineering, ICT, materials science, renewable energy, and environmental technology. The journal is published three times a year (April, August, December) and operates under a no-fee policy. All articles are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.
Redesign of the Earthquake-Resistant Upper Structure of an Apartment Building Based on SNI 1726:2019 in the City of Semarang
Indonesia lies within a region of high seismic activity; therefore, the structural design of buildings must adequately account for earthquake effects. The apartment building located in the city of Semarang is a four-story residential structure constructed in 2023 and originally designed in accordance with SNI 1726:2012 provisions. With the enactment of SNI 1726:2019 as the latest regulatory standard, a structural reassessment and redesign of the building’s superstructure are required to ensure its safety level and structural performance under seismic loads. This study aims to redesign the superstructure of the apartment building, including beams, columns, and slabs, using the Special Moment Resisting Frame System (SMRF) in compliance with SNI 1726:2019, SNI 1727:2018, and SNI 2847:2019. Structural analysis was conducted using both the equivalent static method and response spectrum analysis with the aid of ETABS software. Seismic parameters were determined based on the site conditions, assuming a soft soil classification (Site Class SE). The design results indicate that the building structure satisfies seismic resistance requirements, as evidenced by the magnitude of the design earthquake forces, inter-story drift limits, and the ductility provisions of the SMRF system. The redesigned dimensions and reinforcement detailing of structural elements—columns, beams, and slabs have been adjusted to fulfill the strong column–weak beam principle. Therefore, the redesigned superstructure of the apartment building, based on SNI 1726:2019, is deemed safe and capable of enhancing structural performance against earthquake effects.
Earthquake-resistant building, ETABS, structural redesign, SNI 1726:2019, SRPMK.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aldino Daffa Cahya Pratama, Muhammad Naufal ArRasyid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis of Chitosan from Shrimp Shell Waste and Its Use as a Natural Preservative for Beef
The utilization of shrimp shell waste as a source of chitosan represents a sustainable approach to developing bio-based materials while increasing the economic value of fisheries by-products. This study aimed to synthesize chitosan from shrimp shells (Litopenaeus vannamei) and evaluate its effectiveness as a natural preservative for beef. Chitosan was synthesized through deproteinization using 1 N NaOH, demineralization using 1 N HCl, and deacetylation using 50% NaOH. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed six diffraction peaks with a dominant peak at 2θ = 19.042° and crystallite sizes ranging from 4.36 to 4.57 nm, indicating a monoclinic crystal structure. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of characteristic chitosan functional groups, including hydroxyl, amine, amide, and β-(1→4)-glycosidic bonds. Preservation performance was evaluated by immersing beef samples in 1% chitosan solution for 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes, followed by storage at room temperature for five days. The results showed that immersion treatments of 45–60 minutes were most effective in maintaining texture, odor quality, and pH stability. These findings demonstrate the potential of shrimp shell-derived chitosan as a safe, environmentally friendly, and economically valuable natural preservative.
Beef, Chitosan, FTIR, Shrimp Shell Waste, XRD.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fitri Endriyani, Rahmat Hidayat, Yenni Darvina, Fadhila Ulfa Jhora (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Biomechanics in Improving Athletic Performance and Preventing Injury Risk in Athletes
The primary challenge in modern sports lies in the suboptimal utilization of biomechanics to simultaneously enhance athletic performance and systematically reduce injury risk. This study adopts a non-empirical approach grounded in conceptual analysis and comprehensive literature synthesis to construct a theoretical framework linking biomechanical variables, movement efficiency, and injury potential. The methodology integrates thematic, comparative, and interpretative analyses of contemporary scientific studies to identify causal patterns and conceptual gaps within existing research. The findings indicate that performance efficiency is strongly influenced by the optimization of the kinetic chain and the precise distribution of mechanical loads, while injury risk is closely associated with cumulative biomechanical deviations. Furthermore, the integration of advanced technologies, such as wearable devices and artificial intelligence-based analytics, enhances predictive capabilities in injury detection and improves the accuracy of performance evaluation. The discussion highlights that a data-driven and integrative biomechanical approach enables the development of more adaptive, effective, and sustainable training strategies within the evolving landscape of modern sports science.
Athlete, biomechanics, injury, performance, technology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wahyu Prasetio, Abdul Aziz Hakim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Aesthetics of Bamboo in Contemporary Architecture: The Synergy Between Structural Strength and Visual Beauty
This study aims to construct an integrative model of the relationship between the structural performance and visual aesthetics of bamboo in contemporary architecture through a non-empirical conceptual-analytical approach. The methods employed include systematic interpretive synthesis combined with concept mapping to identify causal relationships between the mechanical strength of bamboo and variables related to the perception of spatial aesthetics. The findings indicate that bamboo possesses structural characteristics such as high flexibility, an optimal strength-to-weight ratio, and joint stability that is adaptable to modern construction systems. Aesthetically, bamboo shapes the spatial experience through transparency, structural rhythm, and natural textures that enhance users’ visual perception of the space. The integration of digital technology and an architectural ecology approach expands bamboo’s function as an active material that contributes to structural efficiency and environmental sustainability. The resulting conceptual model affirms the interdependence between technical and aesthetic aspects within a single architectural system. Bamboo is positioned as a strategic material in the development of a sustainable architectural paradigm that combines technological innovation, structural strength, and the aesthetic experience of space.
Contemporary Bamboo, Structural Aesthetics, Sustainable Architecture, Innovative Materials, Spatial Perception.
Copyright (c) 2026 Imam romadhoni, Mukhammad Alwi Athoillah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Workforce Planning Based on Industry 5.0 at PT. Vidya Indonesia Prima in Bandung
The transition toward Industry 5.0 requires organizations to develop workforce planning approaches that emphasize not only technological utilization but also the enhancement of human resources as the core of the work ecosystem. This study aims to analyze workforce planning practices implemented by PT. Vidya Indonesia Prima Bandung and identify strategies that improve organizational performance effectiveness. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed through interviews, observations, and documentation, with data analyzed using reduction, display, and conclusion-drawing techniques supported by triangulation. The findings reveal that the company applies flexible workforce planning through competency development, open organizational communication, multitasking practices, and the utilization of digital technologies based on the principle of “Assist, Not Replace.” Industry 5.0-based workforce planning is implemented through digital literacy enhancement, talent management, and continuous upskilling and reskilling programs, which contribute to improved adaptability, productivity, and employee performance effectiveness.
Digital Transformation, Industry 5.0, Performance Effectiveness, Talent Management, Workforce Planning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Miranti Asri Nur Sapitri, Resya Dwi Marselina, Pani Hermawan, Meysia Laudia, Razwa Andika Prasetya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlation Analysis of Service Level Agreement (SLA) Guarantees on User Trust in Adopting Digital Payment Systems
The growth of digital payment systems has increased the need for service mechanisms capable of ensuring the quality, security, and reliability of transactions on an ongoing basis. This study aims to analyze the correlation between Service Level Agreement (SLA) guarantees and user trust in adopting digital payment systems. The method used is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) with a PRISMA approach to literature discussing digital payments, service quality, information security, and technology adoption. The analysis was conducted through thematic synthesis to identify patterns of relationships between SLA dimensions and the formation of user trust. The findings indicate that data security, system reliability, electronic service quality, and policy transparency are the primary SLA dimensions that have a positive correlation with user trust. Trust acts as a mechanism that bridges the influence of service quality on decisions regarding the adoption of digital payment technology. Consistent SLA implementation also contributes to increased satisfaction, loyalty, and sustained service usage. These findings confirm that SLAs serve a strategic function in linking the technical aspects of services with user behavior, thereby becoming a crucial element in supporting the development of a secure, trustworthy, and sustainable digital payment ecosystem.
Service Level Agreement, User Trust, Digital Payments, Technology Adoption, Service Quality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Fasya Palevi, Evy Nurmiati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Management Functions on the Performance Effectiveness of the KRI Fatahillah (361) Refurbishment Project at PT Len Industri (Persero)
Defense refurbishment projects require effective management practices to achieve project objectives within predetermined time, cost, and quality constraints. This study analyzes the implementation of planning, organizing, actuating, and controlling (POAC) functions and their contribution to project performance effectiveness in the refurbishment project of KRI Fatahillah (361) at PT Len Industri (Persero) using a qualitative descriptive approach based on in-depth interviews with the Project Controller and descriptive-interpretative analysis. The findings reveal that POAC implementation contributes to project effectiveness through schedule control, resource coordination, operational execution, and performance monitoring, while major challenges arise from procurement specification mismatches, contract-to-execution delays, changing technical requirements, consortium coordination complexity, and limited specialist personnel. Adaptive responses, including replanning, intensive monitoring, risk documentation, strengthened consortium coordination, and managerial escalation, enabled the project to maintain performance objectives despite operational uncertainties. The study proposes an adaptive POAC model that emphasizes responsiveness to technical changes, procurement risks, and stakeholder dynamics as a critical determinant of effectiveness in defense refurbishment projects.
Management Functions, POAC, Project Effectiveness, Defense Refurbishment, KRI Fatahillah (361).
Copyright (c) 2026 Nazwa Syaqila, Herry Sutanto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Quality Control for Wing King Doors Using the Statistical Quality Control - Six Sigma Method at PT Wadja Karya Dunia Pati
This study aims to analyze the quality control of Wing King Door products at PT Wadja Karya Dunia Pati using Statistical Quality Control (SQC) and Six Sigma methods. Data was collected during January 2024 with a total production of 10,880 units, and 1,162 defective products were identified. The main types of defects included broken rivets, scratches, dents, and gaps, with broken rivets being the dominant defect. Analysis was conducted using SQC tools such as check sheets, histograms, p-charts, Pareto diagrams, and fishbone diagrams. The results indicate that the production process is not yet fully stable, as there is data outside the control limits. A DPMO value of 208,571.4 with a sigma level of 2.7 indicates that process quality remains low. The causes of defects include human factors, machinery, methods, environment, and materials. Improvement proposals were made using the 5W+1H approach, including operator training, machine maintenance, SOP evaluation, workplace organization, and material control. The implementation of these improvements is expected to reduce defect rates and continuously improve product quality.
Defect, Galvalume, Six Sigma, SQC, Wing King Door.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amanda Ardita Amelia, Dana Prianjani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Generating Multimodal (Text and Image) Muslimwear Designs Using Stable Diffusion v1.5
The rapid advancement of Generative Artificial Intelligence has accelerated the adoption of diffusion models in fashion design applications. However, conventional text-to-image approaches often encounter limitations in maintaining visual consistency and controllability during image generation. This study proposes a multimodal Muslimwear design generation system based on Stable Diffusion v1.5 by integrating textual prompts and reference images through a cross-attention fusion mechanism. The training dataset combines DeepFashion1 and a curated Muslimwear dataset, which were preprocessed through image normalization, resolution standardization, and automated caption generation using BLIP. Domain adaptation was performed using the Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) technique to enable computationally efficient fine-tuning. Performance evaluation employed Fréchet Inception Distance (FID) and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) to assess visual quality and structural consistency. Experimental results indicate that the female model achieved a FID score of 176.77 and an SSIM score of 0.311, outperforming the male model with a FID score of 256.22 and an SSIM score of 0.275. The findings demonstrate that multimodal conditioning enhances visual distribution learning and structural preservation, supporting the development of controllable and efficient AI-assisted fashion design systems.
Multimodal Learning, Stable Diffusion, Muslimwear Design, Low-Rank Adaptation, Image Generation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Assyfa Febriwanti, Sam Farisa Chaerul Haviana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Significance of a Commitment to Serving the Nation for Officials of the Southeast Sulawesi Provincial Transportation Agency in Improving the Quality of Public Services
This study aims to analyze the meaning of the theme for National Awakening Day 2026, “Rise Together, Realize a Strong Indonesia,” for officials at the Southeast Sulawesi Provincial Transportation Agency, as well as its implications for improving the quality of public services. The study employs a descriptive qualitative approach through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis involving both leadership and service staff. The findings indicate that the spirit of serving the nation is interpreted as a moral commitment that reinforces professionalism, discipline, loyalty, responsibility, and a service-oriented focus toward the community. This interpretation is manifested through strengthened work collaboration, responsive service behavior, more effective organizational coordination, and sustained efforts to improve service performance. Leadership, organizational culture, recognition of performance, and the utilization of technology are key factors supporting public service transformation. However, infrastructure limitations, the geographical characteristics of the archipelago, digital competency gaps, and increasing service demands remain challenges in its implementation. These findings underscore that strengthening the values of public service, human resource capacity, and organizational resilience are essential prerequisites for achieving adaptive, sustainable, and community-oriented public service.
National Awakening Day, Public Service, Public Administration, Organizational Transformation, Transportation Governance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Roys Sutrisno, Maudhy Satyadharma, Sri Wulan Dwi Octaviani, La Ode Muhamad Akbar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Decision Support System for Selecting Student Housing in Rantauprapat Using the SAW Method
Selecting a boarding house is a critical issue for students living away from home, as it involves various multi-criteria considerations—such as location, price, facilities, and security—that are often difficult to evaluate objectively using conventional approaches. This study aims to design and implement a Decision Support System for selecting student boarding houses in Rantauprapat using the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method. The study employs an empirical approach based on system development through the following stages: user needs identification, determination of criterion weights, formation of a decision matrix, data normalization, and calculation of preference values to generate a ranking of student housing alternatives. The results indicate that the SAW method effectively integrates cost and benefit attributes systematically, thereby producing objective and consistent recommendations for student housing. The validation process demonstrated consistency between manual calculations and system outputs, while effectiveness testing revealed high user satisfaction regarding the accuracy of recommendations and the efficiency of data processing. The developed system is deemed capable of supporting students’ decision-making processes more quickly, transparently, and adaptively to user needs.
Decision Support System, Student Housing, Students, Simple Additive Weighting, Multi-criteria.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vinna Olymphyani, Anggi Putri Khatami Simbolon, Gilang Kurnia Rambe, Ridwan Hafiz Ritonga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Use of Artificial Intelligence Technology to Enhance the Transparency of Urban Traffic Density Analysis
Urban traffic congestion is a major challenge in modern transportation management, while conventional monitoring systems remain limited in providing transparent and easily understandable information. This study aims to analyze the use of Artificial Intelligence to enhance the transparency of road congestion analysis through visual interpretation. Traffic imagery data was obtained from CCTV cameras at urban intersections and processed using the YOLOv8 model to detect vehicles and visualize traffic conditions. Subsequently, heatmap visualizations and Explainable Artificial Intelligence approaches were employed to clarify areas of vehicle concentration. The results show that the system can identify vehicle distribution patterns and present a visual representation of density based on concentration and object categories. This visualization provides more transparent, informative, and intuitive information regarding traffic conditions. Thus, this approach has the potential to support the development of smart transportation systems and data-driven traffic monitoring in urban environments effectively, accurately, and sustainably.
Artificial Intelligence, Explainable AI, Heatmap Visualization, Smart Transportation, Traffic Density.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhamad Faza Almaliki, Hasmina Tari Mokui, Maudhy Satyadharma, Hado Hado, Muhammad Rajulan, Sylsiani Mursalim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness of KCl Fertilization on Flowering, the Incidence of Cherelle Wilt, and Fruit Yield in Cocoa Crops on Post-Mining Land in Bulungan Regency
This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of potassium chloride (KCl) fertilization on flowering, the incidence of Cherelle wilt, and fruit yield in cocoa plants (Theobroma cacao L.) on post-mining land in Bulungan Regency, North Kalimantan. The study employed a field experimental approach based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with five KCl dose treatments and five replications. The observed parameters included the number of flowers, the severity of Cherelle wilt, and the number of ripe fruits at intervals of 30, 60, and 90 days after application. The results indicated that KCl fertilization significantly influenced the generative phase of the cocoa plants. The 25 g KCl/plant treatment produced the highest number of flowers at 55.00 ± 4.41, while increasing KCl doses tended to increase the severity of Cherelle wilt, reaching 5.73 ± 3.30 in the 100 g/plant treatment. The 100 g KCl/plant treatment yielded the highest number of ripe fruits at the end of the observation period, namely three fruits. The physiological response of the plants showed an optimal pattern, in which an increase in potassium dose did not always improve the plants’ reproductive efficiency. These findings confirm that the effectiveness of fertilization on post-mining land is more influenced by the source–sink physiological balance than by a linear increase in fertilizer dose.
Cocoa, Potassium Chloride, Cherelle Wilt, Post-Mining Land, Flowering.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rivaldi Efendi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Delays in Production and Distribution Projects in Indonesia Using the Fishbone Diagram Method
The problem of defects in automotive components remains a major challenge in the manufacturing industry, as it directly impacts product quality, production process efficiency, and customer satisfaction. This research aims to analyze the most frequent types of defects in one automotive component, identify their root causes, and provide applicable improvement solutions. The study was conducted using a Quality Control Circle approach with the Pareto Diagram to prioritize defect types based on their frequency and impact, and the Fishbone Diagram to identify root causes based on the 4M+1E categories (Man, Machine, Method, Material, Environment). The results show that rust and out-of-standard defects are the most dominant, generally caused by a lack of operator understanding, unstable machine conditions, non-standard work methods, and suboptimal raw material quality and work environment. Improvement recommendations include operator training, machine repair, work method adjustments, and production environment supervision. The implementation of these solutions has proven to significantly reduce defect rates and improve product quality. The integration of Pareto and Fishbone diagrams has proven effective as an applicable quality control strategy in the automotive industry.
Cause analysis, distribution delay, fishbone diagram, manufacturing process, PDCA cycle.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rizal Deokosta, Muhammad Ifdol, Hilman Mubarik Aziz, Immanuel Wijaya Huwae, Yudi Prasetyo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing Port Parking Management Through Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) to Improve Transportation Services and User Satisfaction (A Literature Review)
The primary issue in port parking management lies in the imbalance between parking capacity and the increasing volume of vehicles, which leads to congestion, prolonged waiting times, and a decline in service quality and user satisfaction. This study aims to analyze the optimization of port parking management through the implementation of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) based on a literature review approach. The method employed is a narrative literature study involving the collection, selection, and synthesis of relevant scientific sources, including reputable journals, books, and regulatory frameworks. The findings indicate that the implementation of ITS, including parking sensors, real-time information systems, and service digitalization, significantly improves parking management efficiency, reduces space-search time, and enhances traffic flow. The discussion reveals that ITS integration affects not only operational performance but also substantially improves service quality and user satisfaction. This study confirms that the transformation toward smart parking systems represents a strategic step in achieving modern, efficient, and sustainable port services.
Efficiency, parking management, port, satisfaction, transportation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hado Hado, Ferima Ferima, Maudhy Satyadharma, Muhammad Yazir Jabbar, Muhamad Faza Almaliki, Try Sugiyarto Soeparyanto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Web-Based K-Means Clustering Analysis of Employee Placement Data at PT. Guna Cipta Prima
The advancement of information technology has made a significant contribution to decision-making processes, particularly in human resource management. One of the common challenges faced by organizations is the difficulty in determining employee placement objectively based on their competencies and performance. This study aims to implement the K-Means Clustering algorithm to classify employee data at PT Guna Cipta Prima, develop a web-based system using PHP and MySQL, and analyze the resulting clusters. The data used are real-world data consisting of job attributes such as security and cleaning service. The clustering process is conducted using three categories: high, medium, and low performance. The results indicate that the developed system is capable of effectively implementing the K-Means algorithm and producing clusters that align with the characteristics of the data. A Silhouette Coefficient value of 0.67 demonstrates a reasonably good level of clustering validity. Therefore, this system can assist the Human Resources Department (HRD) in conducting employee placement analysis in a more efficient, objective, and data-driven manner, thereby supporting more accurate decision-making.
Clustering, Data Mining, Employees, PHP, Systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sella Sella, Yohanni Syahra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Mineral Acid Type on the Synthesis of Acid-Activated Montmorillonite on the Structure, Morphology, and Performance of Bleaching Earth
Montmorillonite (MMT) is a clay mineral belonging to the smectite group, characterized by a large surface area, high cation exchange capacity, and a layered structure, making it a promising bleaching earth for palm oil refining. However, natural montmorillonite exhibits limitations, including a low number of active sites and limited porosity, thus requiring acid activation to enhance its performance. This study aims to analyze the effect of different mineral acids on the crystal structure, morphology, and bleaching performance of acid-activated montmorillonite. Activation was carried out using HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃, and H₃PO₄ at a concentration of 1 M for 3 hours. Characterization was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine crystallinity, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe surface morphology, and UV–Vis spectrophotometry to evaluate bleaching performance. The XRD results revealed that sulfuric acid produced the largest crystal size (78.8 nm) with the highest degree of homogeneity. Activation with HCl resulted in a crystal size of 64.5 nm, H₃PO₄ yielded 68.3 nm, and HNO₃ produced 68.5 nm. SEM analysis showed the formation of new pores and a rougher surface texture after activation. HCl activation yielded the most favorable surface morphology. Bleaching tests demonstrated a significant reduction in color intensity and β-carotene content in palm oil.
Adsorption, Acid Activation, Bleaching Earth, Palm Oil, Montmorillonite.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hanifah Sriamelia, Riri Jonuarti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Kaolin Coating on Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂) and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) on the Photocatalytic Activity of Thin Films
Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and zinc oxide (ZnO) are widely applied as broad-spectrum ultraviolet protective agents; however, nanoscale modification that improves optical transparency may simultaneously increase photocatalytic activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This study investigated the effect of kaolin coating on the photocatalytic behavior of TiO₂ and ZnO thin films fabricated through spin coating. Nanoparticles were reduced to sizes below 150 nm using high-energy ball milling and deposited into sandwich-structured nano-kaolin/TiO₂ and nano-kaolin/ZnO films with weight ratios of 0%:100% and 50%:50%. Photocatalytic performance was evaluated through methylene blue degradation under ultraviolet irradiation for 5 h at 664 nm. Pure TiO₂ and ZnO exhibited high photocatalytic degradation efficiencies of 72.77% and 68.51%, respectively. Incorporation of 50% kaolin significantly reduced degradation efficiencies to 22.10% for TiO₂/kaolin and 23.69% for ZnO/kaolin. Kaolin contributed to initial physical adsorption while suppressing ROS formation through active-site coverage and controlled charge-transfer pathways. The resulting sandwich-structured thin films demonstrated improved optical stability, reduced photocatalytic aggressiveness, and promising potential as multifunctional UV-protective nanomaterials for safer sunscreen-related applications.
TiO₂ Thin Film, ZnO Nanomaterial, Kaolin Coating, Photocatalytic Suppression, UV Shielding.
Copyright (c) 2026 Okta Khairina, Riri Jonuarti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Variations in HCl pH on the Acidification of Montmorillonite on the Bleaching Yield of Crude Palm Oil
Crude Palm Oil (CPO) requires a bleaching process to reduce pigments and free fatty acids (FFA). Montmorillonite as an adsorbent needs acid activation to improve its adsorption capacity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of HCl activation at pH 2, 4, and 6 on the surface morphology of montmorillonite as characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and its influence on CPO bleaching efficiency. Acid activation was performed using 0.01 M HCl with a slurry titration method. Particle size analysis was conducted using ImageJ software with the length parameter. Results showed that unactivated montmorillonite had a mean particle length of 1054.54 nm with dense and agglomerated morphology. Activation at pH 4 produced the most homogeneous particle distribution with a mean length of 1635.57 nm and a more open surface structure. Bleaching analysis demonstrated that montmorillonite activated at pH 4 generated the lowest FFA content of 1.4% compared to pH 2 and pH 6. These findings indicate that pH 4 activation provides the optimum balance between structural stability, pore opening, and adsorption effectiveness for CPO bleaching.
Montmorillonite, Acid Activation, SEM, Particle Size, Crude Palm Oil Bleaching.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tiara Fatika Sari, Riri Jonuarti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Strengthening Human Resource Capacity in the Implementation of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Principles in the Mining Sector: A Literature Review
The mining sector faces global demands to integrate Environmental, Social, and Governance principles into all operational processes to support the industry’s sustainability. This study aims to analyze the strengthening of human resource capacity in the implementation of ESG in the mining sector through a systematic literature review using a conceptual-interpretive approach. The method employed involves a critical thematic synthesis of various reputable scientific sources to identify the relationship between human resource competencies, governance, and technological innovation. The results indicate that the success of ESG implementation is highly dependent on the quality of human resources possessing sustainability literacy, digital adaptability, and risk-based managerial competencies. The main weaknesses lie in fragmented governance, limited training, and low technology integration in HR management. Strengthening HR capacity through training, innovation, and green human resource management are key factors in accelerating the transformation toward a sustainable mining industry. This study provides a conceptual contribution toward building an integrative model between HR and ESG in the extractive sector.
Human Resources, Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG), Sustainable Mining, Governance, Technological Innovation
Copyright (c) 2026 Faisal Muchtasar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of the Government in the Development of a Sustainable Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM): A Literature Review
This study aims to analyze the government’s role in the development of a drinking water supply system based on sustainable development through a literature review. The method used is a narrative integrative review with thematic synthesis of reputable national and international journals discussing drinking water governance, public policy, and infrastructure sustainability. The results of the study indicate that the government’s role encompasses regulatory functions, institutional strengthening, and facilitating multi-stakeholder collaboration in the provision of drinking water services. The sustainability of the WSS is influenced by policy synchronization, financing effectiveness, community participation, and technological innovations in water distribution. The findings also indicate implementation gaps resulting from weak planning integration and limited institutional capacity at the local level. This study emphasizes that WSS development depends not only on physical infrastructure but also on adaptive and collaborative governance. This research makes a conceptual contribution to strengthening a sustainability-based WSS governance model and offers an analytical framework for the development of more integrated drinking water policies.
Drinking Water, Governance, Sustainable Development, Government Policy, WSS Collaboration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Minson Simatupang, La Ode Ichwan Sjachrawy, Abdul Kadir, Try Sugiyarto Soeparyanto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis and Implementation of the Apriori Algorithm for Predicting Floods in the City of Medan at the Lau Simeme Dam
This study aims to analyze and implement the Apriori algorithm to predict flood potential at the Lau Simeme Dam in Medan City by identifying association patterns among rainfall, water discharge, and water level parameters based on daily hydrological data. The main challenge of this study lies in the limitations of conventional mitigation systems, which are not yet capable of systematically and adaptively interpreting multivariate environmental relationships. The research method employs an empirical data mining-based approach, involving data preprocessing, numerical transformation into transactional data, frequent item set formation, and association rule derivation using minimum support and confidence parameters. The system was developed using Python and MySQL to support the operational analysis and visualization of prediction results. The results show that the Apriori algorithm is capable of generating consistent association patterns between heavy rainfall, increased water discharge, and flood alert status with an accuracy of 97.81%, precision of 100%, and recall of 97.81%. These findings indicate that association rule-based models possess interpretive and predictive capabilities relevant to supporting flood mitigation based on hydrological data.
Apriori Algorithm, Flood Prediction, Data Mining, Lau Simeme Dam, Association Rule
Copyright (c) 2026 Zahra Apriyani Hakim Nasution, Mulkan Azhari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparison of the Performance of K-Means and K-Medoids in Classifying High-Achieving Students at SMP Muhammadiyah 60 Medan
This study investigates the comparative performance of the K-Means and K-Medoids clustering algorithms in classifying student achievement at SMP Muhammadiyah 60 Medan. The research applies a quantitative data mining approach using academic and non-academic variables, including Mathematics scores, Science scores, Bahasa Indonesia scores, attendance records, and extracurricular participation. Data preprocessing was conducted through cleaning, normalization using Min-Max Scaling, and feature selection to ensure data consistency and analytical reliability. The findings indicate that both algorithms successfully classified students into meaningful performance groups with consistent clustering structures. K-Means demonstrated superior computational efficiency and lower SSE values, making it suitable for homogeneous datasets. In contrast, K-Medoids exhibited greater robustness against outliers and produced more stable cluster distributions. The study concludes that K-Medoids provides more representative clustering results for educational datasets characterized by heterogeneous performance patterns.
K-Means, K-Medoids, Clustering, Student Performance, Silhouette Coefficient.
Copyright (c) 2026 Farida Nafisa Siagian, Halim Maulana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance Analysis of Logistic Regression and SVM (Support Vector Machine) Algorithms on E-Football Mobile Game Review Sentiment
This study investigates the comparative performance of Logistic Regression and Support Vector Machine algorithms in sentiment classification of e Football mobile game reviews collected from the Google Play Store. The research employed an empirical machine learning framework involving web scraping, Natural Language Processing preprocessing, Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency feature extraction, and supervised classification procedures. A total of 7,497 Indonesian language reviews were processed through cleaning, case folding, normalization, tokenization, stopword removal, and stemming to improve textual consistency and semantic representation. The dataset was divided into training and testing subsets using an 80:20 ratio to evaluate model generalization performance. Classification effectiveness was measured using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score metrics supported by confusion matrix interpretation. The findings demonstrate that Support Vector Machine achieved superior classification stability with an accuracy of 81.13% and an F1 score of 0.72, while Logistic Regression obtained an accuracy of 80.97% and an F1 score of 0.71. The results indicate that Support Vector Machine provides stronger robustness in handling high dimensional Indonesian gaming review data characterized by class imbalance and semantic variability.
Sentiment Analysis, E-Football, Support Vector Machine, Logistic Regression, TF IDF.
Copyright (c) 2026 Athary Zikry, Farid Akbar Siregar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Palm Oil Losses in the Processing Operations at the PT Perkebunan Nusantara IV Regional IV Bunut Palm Oil Mill
This study analyzes palm oil losses during the processing stages at the Palm Oil Mill of PT Perkebunan Nusantara IV Regional IV PKS Bunut. The research aimed to identify critical loss points, evaluate causal factors, and formulate operational improvement strategies to enhance processing efficiency. The study employed an empirical industrial observation approach through direct monitoring of the Fresh Fruit Bunch processing chain, including sterilization, threshing, pressing, clarification, and kernel stations. The results indicate that several loss components, particularly press cake and solid decanter losses, exceeded industrial standard limits, reflecting process inefficiencies in specific operational units. The dominant factors contributing to losses were unstable sterilization conditions, declining screw press and decanter performance, inconsistent operational control, and variability in raw material quality. The implementation of preventive maintenance, process standardization, Statistical Process Control, and Six Sigma-based monitoring is considered capable of reducing oil losses and strengthening sustainable operational efficiency in the palm oil processing industry.
Palm Oil Losses, Crude Palm Oil, Process Efficiency, Oil Extraction Rate, Palm Oil Mil.
Copyright (c) 2026 Farhan Al rasyid Nasution, Brav Deva Bernadhi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Online Transportation Services on the Revenue of Food-Based SMEs in Kendari
The rapid expansion of digital transportation platforms has transformed the operational landscape of culinary micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in urban economies. This study aims to analyze the effect of online transportation services on the income performance of culinary MSMEs in Kendari City within the context of platform-based digital economic transformation. The research employed a quantitative empirical approach using survey data collected from 65 culinary MSME actors integrated with online transportation applications for at least six months. Data were analyzed using validity and reliability testing, simple linear regression, hypothesis testing, and coefficient of determination analysis. The findings reveal that online transportation exerts a positive and statistically significant influence on MSME income, indicated by a regression coefficient of 0.688 and a significance value below 0.05. The coefficient of determination demonstrates that 54.8% of income variation can be explained by the existence of online transportation services. The study also identifies digital adaptation capability, innovation capacity, consumer loyalty, and resilience to platform competition as critical determinants influencing MSME sustainability in the digital economy ecosystem.
Digital Economy, Culinary MSMEs, Online Transportation, Business Resilience, Digital Adaptation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kemal Jusra, Sylsiani Mursalim, Maudhy Satyadharma, Muhammad Yazir Jabbar, Hado Hado, Muhamad Rajulan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Functional Group Analysis of the Comparison Between the Mixing Method and the Coating Method for E. coli Bacteria in Asphalt
This study investigated the functional group transformation of asphalt modified using Escherichia coli through mixing and coating methods as a biological self-healing approach for pavement materials. The experimental research was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and hydrophobicity analysis to evaluate chemical, morphological, and surface performance changes. The mixing method promoted dominant internal interactions within the asphalt matrix, indicated by increased O–H functional groups and homogeneous bacterial distribution. In contrast, the coating method generated stronger surface reactions characterized by higher C–O intensity, enhanced biomineralization activity, and localized CaCO3 formation on the asphalt surface. SEM observations revealed that the coating method formed denser biofilm structures, contributing to improved hydrophobicity and accelerated microcrack healing performance. Comparative analysis demonstrated that bacterial application mechanisms significantly influenced asphalt chemical evolution and engineering behavior. The findings indicate that biologically modified asphalt using Escherichia coli possesses considerable potential for sustainable, adaptive, and self-healing pavement systems through optimized bacterial treatment strategies.
Asphalt, Escherichia Coli, FTIR, Self-healing, Hydrophobicity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Stefi Monika, Ratnawulan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing Excellent Service Through the A6 Concept at the Torobulu Ferry Terminal
This study aims to analyze the optimization of excellent service through the application of the A6 concept to the service system at the Torobulu Ferry Port in the context of public transportation services based on user experience. The study employs a qualitative-descriptive empirical approach through operational observation, in-depth interviews, documentation, and thematic analysis of the dimensions of attitude, ability, attention, appearance, action, and accountability. The results indicate that service quality has shown positive improvements in service attitude, operational technical ability, and service flow management. Major challenges remain in inconsistent service communication during peak periods, limited digitalization of information, a lack of proactive approaches to user needs, and an underdeveloped public satisfaction-based evaluation system. The study also found that service accountability remains administratively oriented and has not been fully integrated with participatory oversight mechanisms. The integration of service technology, the strengthening of an adaptive service culture, and the development of a user-experience-based evaluation system are strategic factors in realizing professional, responsive, transparent, and sustainable ferry services.
Excellent Service, A6 Concept, Ferry Port, Public Transportation, Good Governance
Copyright (c) 2026 Ferima Ferima, Maudhy Satyadharma, Muhammad Yazir Jabbar, Hado Hado, Muhamad Rajulan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of the Number of Layers in a PDMS-Rice Husk Silica-Graphene Oxide Composite on Electrical Insulation Resistance Properties
This study analyzes the effect of the number of layers in PDMS–rice husk silica–graphene oxide composites on electrical insulation resistance under dry and wet conditions using a multilayer structure-based experimental approach. The composites were fabricated using the spin-coating method on glass substrates with variations ranging from 1 to 5 layers and characterized using XRD, FTIR, and SEM to evaluate the relationship between morphology, filler distribution, and the material’s electrical behavior. The results show that an increase in the number of layers causes significant changes in the interface configuration and the density of filler distribution. Under dry conditions, the insulation resistance decreased from 250 GΩ to 70 GΩ due to increased opportunities for the formation of internal conduction pathways and percolation effects between graphene oxide particles. Conversely, under wet conditions, the resistance increased from 90 GΩ to 200 GΩ because the multilayer structure formed tortuous diffusion pathways that effectively hindered water penetration and ionic transport. These characteristics indicate that the multilayer design plays a crucial role in controlling the electrical stability of polymer-based nanocomposites for high-voltage insulation applications.
PDMS, Rice Husk Silica, Graphene Oxide, Insulation Resistance, Multilayer Composite.
Copyright (c) 2026 Annisa Eka Putri, Ratnawulan Ratnawulan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Immersion of PDMS-Rice Husk Silica-Graphene Oxide Composites on Electrical Insulation Resistance
This study analyzes the effect of varying the number of dips on the electrical insulation resistance of PDMS–rice husk silica–graphene oxide composites using a multi-step dip-coating experimental approach. The composite was synthesized using a polydimethylsiloxane matrix combined with biomass silica extracted from rice husks and graphene oxide as a multifunctional filler to enhance the material’s dielectric stability. Dipping variations were performed 1, 3, 5, and 7 times on a glass substrate, then tested using a High Voltage Insulation Tester at 10 kV under dry and wet conditions. Test results showed that the highest insulation resistance was obtained with a single immersion, at 420 GΩ under dry conditions and 100 GΩ under wet conditions. Increasing the number of immersions caused a decrease in resistance due to structural inhomogeneity, filler agglomeration, and an increase in micro-conductive pathways within the composite layer. Wet conditions accelerate the decline in insulation performance because water adsorption on the coating surface increases local conductivity. The integration of PDMS, rice husk silica, and graphene oxide demonstrates high potential as a biomass-based electrical insulator coating with stable dielectric characteristics in humid environments.
PDMS, Rice Husk Silica, Graphene Oxide, Dip-Coating, Electrical Insulation Resistance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sarmila Yetria, Ratnawulan Ratnawulan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0